Which of the following is NOT a non-modifiable risk factor for AMD?

The correct answer identifies smoking as a modifiable risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Non-modifiable risk factors are those that cannot be changed or influenced by lifestyle or environmental factors, and they typically include age, race, and genetic predisposition.

Age is a significant non-modifiable factor because the risk for AMD increases as individuals get older, particularly after the age of 50. Race also plays a crucial role, with studies showing that certain racial groups may have higher or lower predispositions to AMD. Genetics additionally contributes to the risk of developing AMD, as family history can indicate a higher likelihood of the disease due to inherited traits.

In contrast, smoking is a behavior that individuals can change. Evidence strongly suggests that smoking significantly increases the risk of developing AMD and its progression; therefore, it fits the category of modifiable risk factors. Strategies aimed at reducing smoking can effectively lower the risk of AMD and are commonly recommended in preventative care.