Posterior Segment Block 15 – AMD and Other Causes of CNV Practice Test

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• What did the HARBOR AMD study conclude about the monthly injection doses of 0.5 mg and 2 mg?
• Do extrafoveal Geographic Atrophy lesions progress faster or slower than foveal lesions?
• What characterizes AREDS Intermediate AMD grading stage?
• How does geographic atrophy (GA) progress if the fellow eye has early or intermediate dry AMD?
• What does ellipsoid zone disruption in GA predict regarding progression?
• What is a crucial aspect of monitoring patients with drusen?
• What type of lines are associated with neovascular AMD and irregular dark red or brown findings?
• Where are soft drusen typically found?
• Which of the following is NOT a type of drusen?
• In addition to chorioretinal scars, what other feature may be present in the macula for ocular histoplasmosis syndrome?
• When should the supplementation not be issued according to AREDS1?
• What causes RPE atrophy in relation to hard drusen?
• Which of the following is a significant risk factor for AMD?
• What appearance does Geographic Atrophy (GA) have on Fundus Autofluorescence (FA)?
• Which VEGF isoform is the most prevalent in AMD?
• What type of treatment is primarily indicated for active CNV?
• What is the average rate of progression of Geographic Atrophy?
• What type of delivery system does Ranibizumab (Susvimo) utilize?
• What type of visual symptoms may result from idiopathic choroidal neovascularization?
• How does a Fibrovascular PED form?
• Which drug is known for being administered as an off-label treatment and has similar outcomes to FDA-approved options?
• Why are Reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) well visualized on FAF, IR, and OCT?
• Which of the following conditions can lead to the development of CNV?
• Drusenoid PED is typically defined as having a size of greater than or equal to what measurement?
• Among the listed medications, which one is primarily used in the treatment of neovascular AMD?
• What impact do pigment epithelial detachments have on Geographic Atrophy?
• According to the MARINA AMD study, what treatment is more likely to prevent visual loss than placebo in patients with neovascular AMD?
• What does the term "occult" refer to in the context of CNV associated with PEDs?
• At what age should individuals consider examination for high-risk characteristics related to AMD?
• What is another name for ocular histoplasmosis syndrome due to the uncertainty of its causality?
• What are the two most common causative associations with choroidal neovascularization (CNV)?
• Neovascular AMD may present with which type of lesions in the retina?
• Which factor is considered the most significant risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?
• What is used to categorize drusen aside from size and anatomic location?
• According to AREDS studies, advanced dry AMD involves geographic atrophy affecting which area?
• What is the primary indication of hypoautofluorescence in fundus autofluorescence patterns?
• Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) extends through which layer from the choriocapillaris?
• What does the Beckman Grading System classify as advanced dry AMD?
• What association exists between the size of Geographic Atrophy lesions and progression rate?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of active CNV?
• Which uncommon differential of neovascular AMD primarily affects patients under the age of 50?
• What is the implication of confluent drusen for wet AMD?
• How much Copper is recommended in the AREDS2 supplementation regimen?
• Which type of drusen is typically larger?
• What separation facilitates drug penetration, requiring fewer injections?
• Reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) contribute to which type of retinal atrophy?
• In a drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment, which structures are separated?
• How do Fibrovascular PEDs generally appear on OCT in contrast to serous PEDs?
• What type of drusen may basal linear deposits contribute to?
• What systemic disease is most commonly linked to angioid streaks?
• Which subtype of PED is known for its hemorrhagic features?
• Fibrovascular PEDs typically present as what type of elevation with what surface texture?
• Which imaging technique can help differentiate between vascular and avascular PEDs?
• What imaging technique is typically used to diagnose CNV in AMD?
• Which gender is AMD more common in?
• What does typical hard drusen replace in the retinal pigment epithelium?
• What is one of the modifiable risk factors for AMD?
• Which lifestyle change can help reduce the risk of AMD?
• Pegcetacoplan (Syfovre) may increase the risk of conversion to which condition?
• Which factor is a significant inhibitor of angiogenesis?
• Which clinical sign is associated with dry AMD?
• Which type of CNV is characterized as occurring in the subretinal space?
• On optical coherence tomography (OCT), how does serous PED appear?
• What is the first stage in the development of type III CNV?
• Where are hard drusen located within the eye?
• What does the detachment in PED occur between?
• What remains the hallmark of advanced dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?
• The presence of geographic atrophy in one eye is a strong predictor of what in the fellow eye?
• What factor increases the risk of developing wet AMD after 5 years in an individual with existing wet AMD?
• What is the typical age demographic impacted by PEHCR?
• Which two intravitreal injections were compared in the CATT study?
• Which treatment is NOT associated with the occurrence of RPE tears?
• Which of the following interventions is specifically for geographic atrophy in AMD?
• Which patterns showed the lowest GA progression rates in dry AMD?
• Type III RAPs produce a ____________ on FA and ICGA with late ____________ or ____________ into a PED.
• What is observed in the underlying choroid at the area of absent RPE in the case of an RPE tear?
• What is one of the risk factors for developing wet AMD in the fellow eye when one eye is already affected?
• Basal laminar drusen are a form of which type of drusen?
• What is a common treatment approach for wet AMD?
• Which treatment method has been largely replaced for wet AMD?
• Which characteristic is considered in the diagnosis of advanced AMD?
• What was the first anti-VEGF therapy approved for intravitreal use?
• What does PED stand for in the context of AMD?
• Choroidal ruptures can lead to which type of choroidal neovascularization?
• Presence of which factor is associated with the diagnosis of neovascular AMD?
• The presence of a diffuse trickling pattern is primarily linked to what aspect of GA?
• What findings indicate active CNV?
• In which race is AMD more prevalent?
• How do basal laminar drusen typically appear?
• What serious intra-ocular inflammation has been shown to occur in around 1 in 2000?
• Type II classic CNV occurs below the ____________ but above the ____________.
• What is another name for Reticular pseudodrusen (RPD)?
• Which type of genetic predisposition is associated with age-related drusen formation?
• In the context of AMD treatment, what does VA stand for?
• What are the proven medical interventions to decrease the risk of AMD progression?
• What is the relationship between vitreoretinal traction and the rate of geographic atrophy (GA) progression?
• What is considered the most common autosomal dominant macular dystrophy?
• What is a common characteristic for patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum?
• What risk does typical soft drusen confer?
• In type III CNV, what does "CME" stand for?
• Which type of imaging demonstrates the vascular nature of PEDs?
• Where does an occult CNV lesion typically occur?
• What are the 4 typical RPE changes in Dry AMD?
• What factors can contribute to the development of focal pigmentary atrophy?
• In the context of dry AMD, the highest GA progression rates were observed in which pattern?
• Where do typical soft drusen often form?
• What are the three main treatment strategies with Ranibizumab in neovascular AMD?
• What is the primary pathophysiological change in AMD?
• In the ANCHOR AMD study, which treatment was revealed to be more effective than verteporfin PDT in respect of visual acuity?
• What are traditional diagnosis and monitoring tools for dry AMD?
• The presence of a hyper fluorescent notch at the edge of a serous PED is indicative of which condition?
• A significant characteristic of dry AMD is:
• What is indicated by abnormal junctional zone features on OCT in terms of progression?
• What effect does hypertension have on AMD risk?
• Which stage of AMD showed no discernible progression reduction when using supplements?
• What type of CNV lesion is characterized as a classic lesion occurring in the subretinal space?
• What type of CNV lesion is referred to as an intraretinal RAP lesion?
• Type 3 neovascularization, or RAPs, may appear as a spot of ____________ in the macula.
• What are typical soft drusen primarily associated with in terms of retinal health?
• What feature is found in a Serous PED?
• How does a pigment epithelial detachment appear on OCT?
• Smoking is a significant risk factor for AMD progression, particularly conversion from which stages?
• An increase in the size and number of drusen correlates with an increase in the severity of which condition?
• High doses of zinc in AREDS1 are potentially associated with which kind of problems?
• What defines the size of small drusen?
• What characterizes large drusen?
• What visual appearance is typical of the macula in Best's disease?
• What is the most common type of CNV associated with Fibrovascular PEDs?
• Which nutritional approach is often recommended to manage AMD progression?
• What type of PED is NOT a feature of wet AMD?
• What is the most common risk factor for developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?
• What fundus findings can accompany pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) besides angioid streaks?
• What histological change is associated with RPE death in focal pigmentary atrophy?
• What is the hallmark characteristic of wet AMD?
• What off-label medication is used for ophthalmic anti-angiogenesis?
• Which of the following is NOT an activator of angiogenesis?
• What kind of fluid accumulation is primarily associated with serous PEDs on imaging?
• Which specific diffuse pattern is notably linked with the highest GA progression in dry AMD?
• What is the recommended dosing regimen for Eylea?
• What causes choroidal rupture in the context of neovascular AMD?
• Are basal laminar drusen the same as basal laminar deposits?
• What disease affects the macula and leads to central scotoma and loss of central visual acuity?
• What will be funduscopically visualized in cases of focal pigmentary atrophy in dry AMD?
• Does typical confluent drusen confer a greater risk of AMD?
• In the assessment of PED, what does a larger area of drusen indicate?
• What characteristic best describes hard drusen in relation to their color?
• What minor complication may occur with intravitreal injections?
• What does a greater area of rim-area hyperautofluorescence indicate regarding progression rates?
• What characterizes drusenoid PED?
• Which conditions would prompt consideration for antioxidant supplementation?
• Where are typical hard drusen predominantly located?
• Does the AREDs formulation prove useful against wet AMD?
• According to AREDS2, how much Zinc is recommended for supplementation?
• Occult CNV occurs at which anatomical location?
• How do typical confluent drusen appear?
• Does soft drusen increase the risk of dry AMD?
• What are outer retinal tubulations a response to?
• What is the role of photodynamic therapy in AMD treatment?
• Which answer describes the typical behavior of multifocal Geographic Atrophy lesions?
• On OCT, an RPE tear is visualized as what type of disruption?
• How do hard drusen typically appear?
• Is thermal laser photocoagulation a commonly used treatment in wet AMD?
• What demographic is most likely to experience toxic retinopathies as a differential of dry non-neovascular AMD?
• Patients with which condition may require more injections for treatment of CNV in neovascular AMD?
• GA can result from areas of reabsorbed drusen and what other condition?
• How does type II classic CNV compare in occurrence to type I occult CNV?
• In which stages of AMD should antioxidant supplementation be administered?
• Which study uses a dosing schedule of monthly injections for 3 months and then three consecutive monthly injections as needed?
• Which biosimilar has been shown to last longer in the eye compared to Afibercept?
• Which drug is commonly referenced as an off-label treatment compared to Ranibizumab?
• What feature differentiates Fibrovascular PEDs from serous PEDs?
• What substance is linked to an increased incidence of lung cancer in smokers, according to AREDS1?
• What is a characteristic feature of Fibrovascular PEDs on imaging?
• Which newer treatment option inhibits both Anti-VEGF A and Ang-2 and is thought to work longer?
• What is the branded version of bevacizumab?
• Which type of diet intake is associated with a higher risk of advanced AMD?
• Are Fibrovascular PEDs common in individuals with wet AMD?
• How do serous PEDs appear on indocyanine green angiography (ICGA)?
• Do hard drusen necessarily confer a risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?
• What angiogenic factor notably increases in pigment epithelial cells during the early stages of AMD?
• What are the major risk factors for conversion from dry to wet AMD?
• Which defining feature is mainly different between hard and soft drusen?
• Which type of PED is considered a feature of dry AMD?
• What was the outcome of the CATT study regarding the comparison of Ranibizumab and Bevacizumab?
• How does Fibrovascular PED formation relate to Bruch's membrane?
• What are biosimilars?
• What does the acronym CNV stand for in ocular pathology?
• What is the median time from unilateral geographic atrophy (GA) to conversion to bilateral GA?
• What is the expected size of large drusen compared to intermediate drusen?
• Which is the most common form of AMD?
• What is a significant ocular manifestation seen in patients with Best's disease?
• What invasive surgery for CNV treatment has been largely abandoned today?
• What can be concluded about the presence of soft drusen in patients?
• What structures do outer retinal tubulations consist of?
• Is the vitreous involved in ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (OHS)?
• Which medication is part of a monthly injection regimen for treating neovascular AMD?
• On FAF, how do Fibrovascular PEDs appear?
• Which of the following is NOT a non-modifiable risk factor for AMD?
• Which type of abnormal blood vessel proliferation is primarily associated with AMD?
• What is a potential consequence of focal pigmentary atrophy?
• Typical confluent drusen can be recognized by their collection of drusen appearing in what form?
• In intermediate dry AMD, where can geographic atrophy exist but not affect directly?
• What size is typically used to define the area of drusenoid PED?
• If a lesion measures less than 175 um, how is it classified?
• On ICGA, how do Fibrovascular PEDs typically appear?
• What is the definition of angiogenesis?
• On fluorescein angiography (FA), how do serous PEDs typically present?
• In pathologic myopia, CNV may develop in what percentage of eyes with an axial length greater than 26.5 mm?
• How does focal hyperpigmentation typically appear on fundus autofluorescence (FAF)?
• Wet AMD is primarily treated by targeting which biologic pathway?
• What is the second stage of type III CNV?
• What are the extracellular protein deposits found at the interface of RPE and Bruch's membrane called?
• What characterizes the AREDS Advanced AMD grading stage?
• Where are basal laminar deposits found?
• Which type of drusen increases the chances of developing both dry and wet AMD?
• What type of membrane formation occurs in Wet AMD?
• Best's disease primarily affects which layers in the retina?
• What PED size-related factor increases the risk of RPE tears?
• How may visual acuity (VA) in patients with Geographic Atrophy appear during early stages?
• All CNV subtypes will respond to anti-VEGF therapy but benefit is only likely in the presence of what?
• What is the suggested dosage of Lutein from the AREDS2 recommendations?
• Why does Geographic Atrophy appear densely hypoautofluorescent on FAF?
• How can soft drusen be described in appearance?
• In patients receiving anti-VEGF therapy, what factor is believed to influence treatment response significantly?
• Taking high-dose antioxidant vitamins and minerals regularly can decrease the risk of advanced AMD in individuals with which features?
• Where are basal linear deposits located?
• What structure does the inner collagenous zone of Bruch's membrane separate?
• During what stage may visual acuity remain unchanged in Geographic Atrophy?
• What drug has been shown to be as effective as Ranibizumab in the treatment of neovascular AMD when injected bimonthly?
• What ocular interface may significantly modify the response to therapy with anti-VEGF agents?
• What color are basal laminar drusen typically described as?
• Focal pigmentary atrophy is often linked to which condition?
• Which type of CNV is associated with retinal hemorrhage?
• How does photodynamic therapy for neovascular AMD operate?
• What dietary intake is associated with a lower risk of AMD?
• Fibrovascular PEDs indicate the presence of which condition?
• What is a histological characteristic of basal laminar drusen?
• What neovascular AMD differential is uncommon, impacts older women, and usually manifests with peripheral retinal hemorrhage and exudation?
• What characterizes the AREDS early AMD grading stage?
• What do nodular protrusions at the inner side of a thickened RPE basement membrane indicate histologically?
• How do fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs) typically respond to therapy?
• Which condition may develop in some eyes with an axial length exceeding 26.5 mm due to pathologic myopia?
• What condition is indicated by the presence of drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment?
• If the fellow eye has geographic atrophy (GA), how does GA progress?
• What anatomical structure can be seen on OCT as a straight, thin hyper reflective line at the base of a serous PED elevation?
• How are serous PEDs characterized on fundus autofluorescence (FAF)?
• What is a common treatment approach for patients with wet AMD?
• AREDS vitamins may have no benefit in which type of AMD?
• What size of a lesion is classified as geographic atrophy?
• Is PDT (cold laser) currently utilized in the treatment of neovascular AMD?
• What is the significance of large drusen in relation to AMD?
• What is a characteristic of Fibrovascular PED?
• How does ocular histoplasmosis syndrome clinically present?
• Which layer features are associated with faster progression in GA?
• What is the recommended daily supplementation of Vitamin E based on AREDS2?
• Which of the following conditions is NOT a differential diagnosis of neovascular AMD?
• What syndrome related to neovascular AMD is caused by a fungus endemic to Mississippi and Ohio river valleys?
• Which of the following is NOT a differential of dry non-neovascular AMD?
• What treatment strategy does the PrONTO AMD study show leads to fewer injections without compromising visual acuity outcomes?
• Which of the following is a common symptom of AMD?
• What differentiates Type 2 CNV from other types?
• What substance is blocked due to focal hyperpigmentation on fluorescein angiography (FA)?
• What condition is directly associated with areas of reabsorbed drusen in Geographic Atrophy?
• What new treatment agents have revolutionized the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?
• How often is Ranibizumab (Susvimo) delivered?
• What retinal physiology test is abnormal in Best's disease?
• Which two tools/tests can assist in monitoring the conversion from dry to wet AMD?
• How do confluent drusen typically appear?
• Where does focal hyperpigmentation occur in dry AMD?
• What injection regimen was concluded to be best for Ranibizumab according to the PIER AMD study?
• On FA, how do type 1 occult CNV Fibrovascular PEDs present?
• Focal pigmentary atrophy may develop from areas of what?
• In the context of AMD, what does the acronym AREDS stand for?
• What is the main consequence of significant disruption in the ellipsoid zone?
• Which type of choroidal thickness is correlated with higher GA progression rates?
• What underlying areas become visible with geographic atrophy?
• What progression in symptoms would classify as worsening vision for a CNV patient?
• Where do typical confluent drusen often form?
• What are the two main types of Age-related Macular Degeneration?
• Which carotenoids are considered safe alternatives to beta-carotene as per AREDS2 findings?
• Which type of diet is particularly beneficial in lowering the risk of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)?
• What visual change is typically noticed with progression of AMD?
• Clinically, what appears as large areas of bare choroid adjacent to hyperpigmentation?
• What happens to the risk of disease progression with an increase in the number of drusen?
• What might be the condition of visual acuity as Geographic Atrophy progresses?
• Which treatment option for neovascular AMD is a recombinant fusion protein that binds to multiple factors including VEGF?
• What is a notable appearance of serous PEDs?
• Which two variants of occult CNV are identified?
• What typically causes a drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment?
• Which part of the retina does Geographic Atrophy often spare until late in the disease course?
• RPE tears on fundus autofluorescence (FAF) typically present which area corresponding to RPE loss?
• What does the regimen in AREDS1 include to prevent zinc-induced anemia?
• GA progression rates relate to the size of what specific hyperautofluorescence area?
• Reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) is highly associated with an eye's conversion from which stages of age-related macular degeneration?
• Which of the following conditions can cause secondary CNV?
• Which of the following best describes the appearance of the outer nuclear layer in relation to outer retinal tubulations?
• Which type of Geographic Atrophy lesions has a higher rate of progression?
• Which form of AMD is characterized by the presence of drusen?
• What type of condition does the ForseeHome tool primarily assist with?
• What variant of CNV type I is characterized by multiple, recurrent RPE detachments?
• What is a characteristic feature of Geographic Atrophy progression?
• Where does type III RAPs CNV often extend?
• Which form of CNV is associated with a better prognosis when treated early?
• Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome predominantly causes which type of inflammation that also damages the retina?
• Which visual symptom is commonly reported by patients with CNV (Choroidal Neovascularization)?
• What is the size range for intermediate drusen?
• What characteristic of Fibrovascular PEDs often leads to leakage and bleeding?
• What characteristic scarring is associated with ocular histoplasmosis syndrome presentation?
• Which type of PED typically does not show leakage on FA?
• At what age do age-related drusen become more common?
• Where are Reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) predominantly located?
• Which antioxidant is part of the AREDS1 regimen noted to prevent zinc-induced anemia?
• What condition is described as RPE death and dropout due to oxidative and mechanical stress?